Wireless Ad Hoc Federated Learning: A Fully Distributed Cooperative Machine Learning

Privacy-sensitive data is stored in autonomous vehicles, smart devices, or sensor nodes that can move around with making opportunistic contact with each other. Federation among such nodes was mainly discussed in the context of federated learning with a centralized mechanism in many works. However, because of multi-vendor issues, those nodes do not want to rely on a specific server operated by a third party for this purpose. In this paper, we propose a wireless ad hoc federated learning (WAFL) -- a fully distributed cooperative machine learning organized by the nodes physically nearby. WAFL can develop generalized models from Non-IID datasets stored in distributed nodes locally by exchanging and aggregating them with each other over opportunistic node-to-node contacts. In our benchmark-based evaluation with various opportunistic networks, WAFL has achieved higher accuracy of 94.8-96.3% than the self-training case of 84.7%. All our evaluation results show that WAFL can train and converge the model parameters from highly-partitioned Non-IID datasets over opportunistic networks without any centralized mechanisms.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, 2 table

A Comprehensive Review of the Composition, Nutritional Value, and Functional Properties of Camel Milk Fat

From MDPI via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: accepted 2021-09-06, pub-electronic 2021-09-13Publication status: PublishedFunder: National Natural Science Foundation of China; Grant(s): 31701558Funder: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; Grant(s): JUSRP12004Funder: China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; Grant(s): 2021M691291Recently, camel milk (CM) has been considered as a health-promoting icon due to its medicinal and nutritional benefits. CM fat globule membrane has numerous health-promoting properties, such as anti-adhesion and anti-bacterial properties, which are suitable for people who are allergic to cow’s milk. CM contains milk fat globules with a small size, which accounts for their rapid digestion. Moreover, it also comprises lower amounts of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids concurrent with higher levels of essential fatty acids than cow milk, with an improved lipid profile manifested by reducing cholesterol levels in the blood. In addition, it is rich in phospholipids, especially plasmalogens and sphingomyelin, suggesting that CM fat may meet the daily nutritional requirements of adults and infants. Thus, CM and its dairy products have become more attractive for consumers. In view of this, we performed a comprehensive review of CM fat’s composition and nutritional properties. The overall goal is to increase knowledge related to CM fat characteristics and modify its unfavorable perception. Future studies are expected to be directed toward a better understanding of CM fat, which appears to be promising in the design and formulation of new products with significant health-promoting benefits

Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Mechanism of Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in Degummed Corn Oil

The kinetics and thermodynamics of the enzymatic degradation of zearalenone (ZEN) in degummed corn oil were investigated by analyzing the impacts of temperature, pH, ZEN hydrolase dosage and ZEN concentration on the initial reaction rate. The kinetic study found that the maximum reaction rate was 0.97 μmol × kg−1 min−1, the Michaelis constant (Km) was 11,476 μmol × kg−1 and the Michaelis equation was V = 0.97[S]/(11,476 + [S]). The thermodynamic study showed that the activation energy (Ea) was 70.37 kJ·mol−1, the activation enthalpy change of the reaction (ΔH) > 0, the free energy of activation (ΔG) > 0 and the activation entropy change (ΔS) 2O, followed by generating the intermediate W-ZEN-H2O under the action of a degrading enzyme. Then, the lactone bond was opened to produce C18H24O6, and finally the decarboxylation product C17H24O4 formed automatically

Diverse Krill Lipid Fractions Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammatory Markers in RAW264.7 Macrophages In Vitro

Antarctic krill oil is an emerging marine lipid and expected to be a potential functional food due to its diverse nutrients, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), phospholipids, astaxanthin and tocopherols. Although krill oil has been previously proved to have anti-inflammatory activity, there is little information about the relationship between its chemical compositions and anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, the RAW264.7 macrophages model was used to elucidate and compare the anti-inflammatory potential of different krill lipid fractions: KLF-A, KLF-H and KLF-E, which have increasing phospholipids, EPA and DHA contents but decreasing astaxanthin and tocopherols levels. Results showed that all the krill lipid fractions alleviated the inflammatory reaction by inhibition of production of nitric oxide (NO), release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 and gene expression of proinflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In addition, KLF-E with the highest phospholipids, EPA and DHA contents showed the strongest inhibition effect on the LPS-induced proinflammatory mediator release and their gene expressions. The results would be helpful to provide powerful insights into the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism of krill lipid and guiding the production of krill oil products with tailor-made anti-inflammatory activity

Removal of Zearalenone from Degummed Corn Oil by Hydrolase on a Batch-Refining Unit

The removal of zearalenone (ZEN) from degummed corn oil (DCO) using hydrolase on a batch-refining unit was studied. According to single-factor and response surface experiments, the optimum technological conditions for reaching the maximum degradation rate were a temperature of 39.01 °C, a pH of 8.08, a time of 3.9 h, and an enzyme dosage of 44.7 mg/kg, whereby the rate of ZEN degradation can reach 94.66%. Different effects on the removal of ZEN were observed at different initial ZEN contents under the optimal technological conditions, of which the decrease was rapid for high ZEN content and slow for low ZEN content

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Distributions and Triacylglycerol Species in Sow Milk and Commercial Piglet Formulas : A Comparative Study Based on Fat Sources and Lactation Stages

Total fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid compositions, and triacylglycerol (TAG) species in 130 sow colostrum, 100 sow milk, and 22 piglet formula samples were analyzed in the present study. Significant differences were found in concentrations of medium chain-saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs) and distributions of palmitic acid (P) and oleic (O)/linoleic (L) acid. The levels of MC-SFAs in sow colostrum and sow milk fats (2.4–3.1%) were significantly lower than those in piglet formulas (7.9–27.2%). Approximately 63% of palmitic acid was located at the sn-2 position in both sow colostrum and milk fats, which was significantly higher than in piglet formula fats (21.1–39.1%). Correspondingly, only 17.8–28.3% of oleic and linoleic acids were at the sn-2 position in sow milk fats, contributing to their typical triacylglycerol structure in sow colostrum and milk, whose palmitic acid connected to the sn-2 position and unsaturated fatty acids located at the sn-1,3 positions. Sow colostrum, milk, and piglet formulas were notably distinguished into three groups based on their fatty acids and TAGs, among which triacylglycerols were the most differentiated index. A total of 51 TAG species (including their isomers) differed significantly between sow colostrum and milk and piglet formulas. OPL and OPO were the most important differentiating TAGs. The large amount of sn-2 esterified palmitic acid plays a key role in improving the absorption of fat and calcium. The results provide suggestions for design of sow milk fat equivalents

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Distributions and Triacylglycerol Species in Sow Milk and Commercial Piglet Formulas: A Comparative Study Based on Fat Sources and Lactation Stages

Total fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid compositions, and triacylglycerol (TAG) species in 130 sow colostrum, 100 sow milk, and 22 piglet formula samples were analyzed in the present study. Significant differences were found in concentrations of medium chain-saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs) and distributions of palmitic acid (P) and oleic (O)/linoleic (L) acid. The levels of MC-SFAs in sow colostrum and sow milk fats (2.4–3.1%) were significantly lower than those in piglet formulas (7.9–27.2%). Approximately 63% of palmitic acid was located at the sn-2 position in both sow colostrum and milk fats, which was significantly higher than in piglet formula fats (21.1–39.1%). Correspondingly, only 17.8–28.3% of oleic and linoleic acids were at the sn-2 position in sow milk fats, contributing to their typical triacylglycerol structure in sow colostrum and milk, whose palmitic acid connected to the sn-2 position and unsaturated fatty acids located at the sn-1,3 positions. Sow colostrum, milk, and piglet formulas were notably distinguished into three groups based on their fatty acids and TAGs, among which triacylglycerols were the most differentiated index. A total of 51 TAG species (including their isomers) differed significantly between sow colostrum and milk and piglet formulas. OPL and OPO were the most important differentiating TAGs. The large amount of sn-2 esterified palmitic acid plays a key role in improving the absorption of fat and calcium. The results provide suggestions for design of sow milk fat equivalents

A Modified Shielding and Rapid Transition DDES Model for Separated Flows

In this paper, the major problems associated with detached eddy simulation (DES) (namely, modeled stress depletion (MSD) and slowing of the RANS to LES transition (RLT)) are discussed and reviewed, and relevant improvements are developed. A modified version for the delayed DES (DDES) method with adaptive modified adequate shielding and rapid transition is proposed; this is called MSRT DDES. The modified shielding strategy can be adjusted adaptively according to the local flow conditions: keeping the RANS behavior in the whole boundary layer when there is no resolved turbulence, and weakening the shielding function when resolved turbulence exists in the mainstream over the boundary layer. This strategy can significantly ameliorate the MSD in the RANS boundary layer, regardless of the mesh refinement, and avoid excessive shielding in the fully developed resolved turbulence that may otherwise delay the development of the separated and reattached flow. Three cases are designed to test the modified DDES, namely, complete shielding in the RANS zone of a boundary layer (the zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer with the refined mesh), modified adaptive improved shielding with a rapid transition (the flow over a hump), and the overall performance in a complex 3D separation (the corner separation in a compressor cascade). The results show that the modified shielding function is more physical than earlier proposals compared to shielding functions, and according to detailed comparisons of the wall skin friction coefficients, velocity profiles, total pressure-loss coefficients, entropy production analyses, and so on, the MSD and RLT problems are moderately alleviated by the MSRT DDES